Timor-Leste is poised to join the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), driven by aspirations to boost its economy and contribute to the region's cultural mosaic. Despite its rich Portuguese colonial heritage, which could enhance ASEAN's cultural diversity, Timor-Leste faces significant hurdles, including economic underdevelopment and a lack of export capabilities. The nation, with a youthful population where more than half are under 40, sees ASEAN membership as a pathway to economic growth and improved educational opportunities. However, concerns remain about whether Timor-Leste is fully prepared to meet the economic and socio-political criteria necessary for full membership.
Timor-Leste has been granted observer status and in-principle approval to join ASEAN, a process that began with its application in 2011. The nation will make its presence felt at the ASEAN Foreign Ministers' Retreat in Langkawi in January 2024 as it seeks to bolster its diplomatic ties. Yet, with a GDP per capita of approximately US$1,500 in 2023 and a heavy reliance on oil and gas revenues, Timor-Leste's economic landscape reflects a need for diversification. Currently, the country depends significantly on imports, with a deep trade deficit recorded against ASEAN nations.
“By one account, from 2016 to 2019, more than half of Timor-Leste’s US$2.05 billion expenditure on imports went to five ASEAN economies, while its exports of goods and services in the same period to ASEAN was just US$95 million,” – ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute commentary
The challenges are manifold as Timor-Leste works to align with ASEAN's three pillars: political security, economic integration, and socio-cultural development. The government has implemented over 70% of the treaties associated with ASEAN, yet infrastructure, healthcare, and educational reforms remain critical areas for development. The small market of roughly 1.4 million people continues to develop, underlining the need for substantial domestic progress.
“If we look at the grassroots level … Timor-Leste is not yet ready because there are a lot of things the government needs to focus on such as strengthening our capacities, strengthening our capabilities (to address) domestic and economic conditions.” – Gomes
Despite these hurdles, the potential benefits are significant. The youth of Timor-Leste stand to gain immensely from ASEAN membership, accessing a broader network and educational opportunities. Alda Femerini, a young Timorese citizen, emphasizes the importance of such opportunities for the country's future.
“They can get better access to networking, they can have more opportunities to study abroad, and they can work on international collaborations and develop the economic system,” – Alda
Education remains a pivotal aspect of Timor-Leste's integration into ASEAN. By adopting curricula that foster productivity and critical thinking among students, Timor-Leste hopes to boost its human capital.
“We can transfer knowledge and gain diverse experiences from each country by adopting a curriculum that helps students (become) more productive, gain critical thinking skills and implement the knowledge in the real world.” – (no attribution)
Cultural contributions are also on the horizon. Timorese weavers, for instance, could benefit from expanded market access through cooperation within ASEAN.
“I believe that cooperation with others, especially with the ASEAN community, will definitely increase the access of Timorese weavers to more markets and opportunities,” – Ceu
However, voices like Mica Barreto Soares advocate for a cautious approach, emphasizing that while ASEAN membership is inevitable, it should not be rushed.
“There is no need to hurry” to join ASEAN as the Timorese government has much to accomplish domestically, but said membership is “just a matter of time”. – Mica Barreto Soares
Soares also highlights Timor-Leste's potential contributions to regional peace-making efforts within ASEAN.
“The experience of Timor-Leste in peace-making can contribute regionally to mitigate or solve problems within ASEAN,” – Mica Barreto Soares
Echoing this sentiment, Febe Gomes stresses that while there is enthusiasm for membership, Timor-Leste must bring tangible offerings to the table.
“but the fact is, if we become a member, there is something that we need to offer,” – Febe Gomes
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